四川安岳气田龙王庙组颗粒滩岩溶储层发育特征及主控因素

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.5.22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

安岳气田磨溪区块下寒武统龙王庙组气藏是迄今为止我国已发现的最大的整装碳酸盐岩气藏。该气藏发育于川中古隆起东端,已探明含气面积805 km²,提交探明天然气地质储量4 403.8×10⁸ m³,其高效开发对保障川渝地区的天然气供应具有重要战略意义。龙王庙组储层发育表现出较强的非均质性,不同部位气井产能差异较大。深入开展储层宏观、微观特征研究,评价储层空间分布的非均质性,对气藏开发部署具有重要的支撑作用。基于岩心、成像测井、铸体薄片、CT扫描、核磁共振、压汞等分析手段,对安岳气田下寒武统龙王庙组开展了系统的层序地层划分对比、岩溶模式研究、储层特征及其主控因素研究。研究结果表明,龙王庙组可识别出溶蚀孔洞、溶蚀孔隙、基质孔隙3种储集空间类型,主要为砂屑白云岩溶蚀孔洞型储层,中小溶洞发育,具有中低孔、中-高渗特征。龙王庙组全直径样品分析储层孔隙度为2.00%~18.48%,平均4.81%,渗透率为0.01~78.5 mD,平均渗透率3.91 mD。由于缝、洞发育,不同尺度样品测试的储层渗透率差异明显,测井解释渗透率一般为0.1~10 mD,略大于岩心测试渗透率,试井解释渗透率分布于3.24~925 mD,是岩心测试渗透率的1~2个数量级。龙王庙组可划分为4期向上变浅的沉积旋回,纵向上发育4期向上变粗的颗粒滩,平面上呈“两滩一沟”的分布格局,第二、三期颗粒滩分布规模最大。龙王庙组经历了准同生期、表生期、埋藏期岩溶作用,准同生期颗粒滩频繁的短暂暴露并遭受大气淡水的淋漓改造,形成早期的微孔及针状溶孔。加里东期风化壳岩溶是龙王庙组溶蚀孔洞型储层形成的关键,广阔的岩溶斜坡区顺层溶蚀孔洞发育。溶蚀孔洞型储层叠置连片,并与高角度构造裂缝配置良好,形成整体连通的裂缝-孔洞型视均质储层。优质储层主要发育于磨溪11—磨溪8和磨溪10—磨溪12—磨溪9井区,储层厚度为40~50 m。

关键词: 安岳气田, 龙王庙组, 颗粒滩, 储集空间, 岩溶模式, 储层特征, 主控因素

Abstract:

The Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation gas reservoir in the Moxi Block of the Anyue gas field is the largest complete carbonate gas reservoir discovered in China so far. The gas reservoir, developed in the eastern end of the paleo-uplift in the central Sichuan Basin, has a proven gas-bearing area of 805 km² and proven gas geological reserves of 4403.8×10⁸ m³. Its high efficiency development is of strategic significance for ensuring natural gas supply in the Sichuan-Chongqing area. Reservoir development in the Longwangmiao Formation shows strong heterogeneity, and the gas well productivity varies greatly across the reservoir. For gas reservoir development and deployment, it is very important to study both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the reservoir and evaluate the heterogeneity of the reservoir storage space. Based on core, imaging log and cast slice data as well as CT scan, nuclear magnetic resonance, mercury injection, etc., we conducted a systematic study on the stratigraphic sequence division, correlation, karst pattern, reservoir characteristics and main controlling factors of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Anyue gas field of the central Sichuan Basin. Results show that there are three types of reservoir storage spaces in the Longwangmiao Formation: millimeter-sized dissolved vugs, solution pores, and intergrain/intercrystal pores. Reservoir of the Longwangmiao Formation is mainly developed in sand-clastic dolomite, featuring small to medium-sized dissolved vugs or solution pores, with medium-low porosity and medium-high permeability. Porosity of the full diameter samples from the Longwangmiao Formation was between 2%-18.48%, averaging at 4.81%, and the full diameter permeability ranged between 0.01-78.5 mD, averaging at 3.91 mD. Due to fracture and cavity, reservoir permeability acquired at different measurement scales varied greatly. The log interpreted permeability ranged between 0.1-10 mD, which was slightly higher than the core tested permeability; whereas well tested permeability ranged between 3.24-925 mD, about 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the core tested permeability. The Moxi area developed four stages of shaols in the vertical and two main shoals with one trench in the horizontal directions, while the second and third stage shaols distribute most extensively. The Longwangmiao Formation experienced three stages of reservoir dissolution, namely the pene-sedimentary, supergene reformation and burial stages. In the pene-sedimentary stage, frequent short time exposures and leaching and dissolution of meteoric fresh water resulted in the formation of early micropores as well as solution pinholes in shoal carbonate deposits. Caledonian period karstification was the key factor for the formation of the vuggy reservoir of the Longwangmiao Formation. Along the vast karst slope, bed-parallel dissolved vugs and pores were well developed, with the karst vuggy reservoirs superimposing vertically and compacting laterally. The favorable spatial allocation of the bed-parallel dissolved vugs and the high-steep structure fissures resulted in the formation of the apparently homogeneous fractured vuggy reservoir. High-quality reservoir is mainly distributed in the MX11- MX8 and MX10-MX12-MX9 well fields, with a reservoir thickness of 40-50 m.

Key words: Anyue gas field, Longwangmiao Formation, shoal, reservoir space, karst pattern, reservoir characteristics, main controlling factors

中图分类号:

P618.130.21

张满郎, 郭振华, 张林, 付晶, 郑国强, 谢武仁, 马石玉. 四川安岳气田龙王庙组颗粒滩岩溶储层发育特征及主控因素[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(1): 235-248.

ZHANG Manlang, GUO Zhenhua, ZHANG Lin, FU Jing, ZHENG Guoqiang, XIE Wuren, Ma Shiyu. Characteristics of and main factors controlling the karst shoal reservoir of the lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Anyue gas field, central Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(1): 235-248.

图/表 13

图1 四川盆地及周缘下寒武统龙王庙组岩相古地理图(据文献[4],有修改)

Fig.1 Lithofacies paleogeographic map of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Sichuan Basin and its surrounding area. Modified from [4].

图2 磨溪17井下寒武统龙王庙组颗粒滩纵向分布

Fig.2 Shoal distribution in the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Well Moxi 17

图3 高石1-磨溪11井下寒武统龙王庙组沉积对比剖面图

Fig.3 Sedimentary profile of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in Well Gaoshi 1-Moxi 11

图4 磨溪地区下寒武统龙王庙组4期颗粒滩平面分布图

Fig.4 Four phase shoal distribution of Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

图5 磨溪地区下寒武统龙王庙组储层特征 a—磨溪13井,4 607.54 m,岩心照片,颗粒滩主体,残余颗粒细晶白云岩,溶蚀孔洞发育;b—磨溪17井,4 666.30 m,岩心照片,颗粒滩主体,砂屑白云岩,针状溶孔发育;c—磨溪13井,4 594.84 m,岩心照片,颗粒滩边缘,泥粉晶砂屑白云岩,少量针状溶孔;d—磨溪17井,4 684.09 m,岩心照片,滩间海,灰色泥晶白云岩夹深灰色泥质白云岩条带,生物扰动和钻孔发育;e—磨溪13井,4 607.20 m,单偏光,残余颗粒白云岩,溶蚀孔洞发育;f—磨溪17井,4 666.30 m,单偏光,砂屑白云岩,粒间孔发育;g—磨溪17井,4 612.62 m,单偏光,残余粉晶白云岩,晶间溶孔发育;h—磨溪12井,4 654.25 m,单偏光,泥粉晶砂屑云岩,构造缝,局部溶蚀扩大;i—磨溪12井,4 646.34 m,扫描电镜,细晶砂屑白云岩,粒间溶孔,缩颈喉道,管束状喉道;j—磨溪13井,4 620.56 m,扫描电镜,细晶砂屑白云岩,粒间溶孔,缩颈喉道,管束状喉道;k—磨溪12井,4 632.00 m,扫描电镜,细晶白云岩,晶间溶孔,缩颈喉道,片状喉道;l—磨溪17井,4 638.45 m,扫描电镜,细晶白云岩,晶间孔,片状喉道。

Fig.5 Reservoir characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

图6 磨溪区块下寒武统龙王庙组取心段洞类型(a)和洞密度(b)分布图

Fig.6 Pore style (a) and density (b) distributions in coring section of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

图7 磨溪地区下寒武统龙王庙组3种储集类型的岩心、铸体薄片、CT及核磁共振谱特征

Fig.7 From left: core, cast slice, CT scan and NMR spectroscopic characteristics for three typical reservoirs of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

图8 磨溪地区龙王庙组单井滩体厚度与储层厚度关系

Fig.8 Relationship between the thicknesses of shoal and reservoir in the Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

图9 磨溪地区龙王庙组储能系数平面分布图

Fig.9 Distribution of energy storage coefficient in the Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

表1 四川盆地安岳气田下寒武统龙王庙组岩溶储层特征

Table 1 Karst reservoir characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Anyue gas field, Sichuan Basin

对比项	准同生期岩溶	表生期岩溶	埋藏期岩溶
形成时期	龙王庙组沉积期或略晚	加里东期	海西期和印支期
岩溶机制	受海退影响,颗粒滩暴露,遭受大气淡水改造	古隆起抬升,龙王庙组遭受风化剥蚀、淋滤改造。风化壳岩溶具有垂向分带特点	筇竹寺组生烃,含有机酸的地层水沿断层进入龙王庙组储层,对早期缝洞进一步改造
岩石学特征	泥粉晶云岩、含砂屑泥晶云岩、砂屑云岩等遭受溶蚀。不稳定的文石、高镁方解石被溶解,溶蚀作用具组构选择性^[18]	中粗粒残余砂屑云岩和中—细晶云岩遭受溶蚀。发育岩溶角砾岩、溶沟、溶缝。溶洞中充填渗流沙,蓝灰色泥岩、碳质泥岩、陆源石英及黄铁矿	不受岩石类型限制,主要与烃源断裂和早期的孔洞发育有关。溶蚀孔洞中常见沥青充填,并见鞍状白云石、自生石英、萤石、天青石及方铅矿、闪锌矿等热液矿物充填^[15]
孔洞发育特征	发育针状溶孔及微孔,主要为粒内溶孔、铸模孔及粒间溶孔。准同生期岩溶为基质孔隙型、溶蚀孔隙型储层形成奠定了基础	发育大中溶孔和中小溶洞,溶洞为粒(晶)间溶孔及裂缝进一步溶蚀扩大而形成。在岩溶斜坡顺层溶蚀孔洞大面积发育。表生期岩溶是龙王庙组高效储层形成的关键因素	粒(晶)间溶孔再次遭受溶蚀形成较大的孔洞,构造缝溶蚀扩大,晚期胶结物发生溶蚀。由于溶蚀作用与充填作用伴生,埋藏期岩溶对储层孔隙的总体贡献较小
地球化学特征	泥粉晶白云岩的碳、氧同位素接近或略低于同期海相碳酸盐岩基线,δ¹³C为-0.77‰,δ¹⁸O为-7.24‰,Sr/Ba为1.01,古盐度Z值122	溶洞充填晶粒云岩的碳、氧同位素和锶含量较低,δ¹³C为-2.20‰,δ¹⁸O为-10.87‰,Sr/Ba为0.42,古盐度Z值117,为淡水成因。而围岩为海水渗透回流成因白云岩^[15]	δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O小于同期海相碳酸盐岩基线。早寒武世海相碳酸盐岩的δ¹³C为-0.4‰~-0.1‰,δ¹⁸O为-6.2‰~-4.7‰

表1 四川盆地安岳气田下寒武统龙王庙组岩溶储层特征

Table 1 Karst reservoir characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation in the Anyue gas field, Sichuan Basin

对比项	准同生期岩溶	表生期岩溶	埋藏期岩溶
形成时期	龙王庙组沉积期或略晚	加里东期	海西期和印支期
岩溶机制	受海退影响,颗粒滩暴露,遭受大气淡水改造	古隆起抬升,龙王庙组遭受风化剥蚀、淋滤改造。风化壳岩溶具有垂向分带特点	筇竹寺组生烃,含有机酸的地层水沿断层进入龙王庙组储层,对早期缝洞进一步改造
岩石学特征	泥粉晶云岩、含砂屑泥晶云岩、砂屑云岩等遭受溶蚀。不稳定的文石、高镁方解石被溶解,溶蚀作用具组构选择性^[18]	中粗粒残余砂屑云岩和中—细晶云岩遭受溶蚀。发育岩溶角砾岩、溶沟、溶缝。溶洞中充填渗流沙,蓝灰色泥岩、碳质泥岩、陆源石英及黄铁矿	不受岩石类型限制,主要与烃源断裂和早期的孔洞发育有关。溶蚀孔洞中常见沥青充填,并见鞍状白云石、自生石英、萤石、天青石及方铅矿、闪锌矿等热液矿物充填^[15]
孔洞发育特征	发育针状溶孔及微孔,主要为粒内溶孔、铸模孔及粒间溶孔。准同生期岩溶为基质孔隙型、溶蚀孔隙型储层形成奠定了基础	发育大中溶孔和中小溶洞,溶洞为粒(晶)间溶孔及裂缝进一步溶蚀扩大而形成。在岩溶斜坡顺层溶蚀孔洞大面积发育。表生期岩溶是龙王庙组高效储层形成的关键因素	粒(晶)间溶孔再次遭受溶蚀形成较大的孔洞,构造缝溶蚀扩大,晚期胶结物发生溶蚀。由于溶蚀作用与充填作用伴生,埋藏期岩溶对储层孔隙的总体贡献较小
地球化学特征	泥粉晶白云岩的碳、氧同位素接近或略低于同期海相碳酸盐岩基线,δ¹³C为-0.77‰,δ¹⁸O为-7.24‰,Sr/Ba为1.01,古盐度Z值122	溶洞充填晶粒云岩的碳、氧同位素和锶含量较低,δ¹³C为-2.20‰,δ¹⁸O为-10.87‰,Sr/Ba为0.42,古盐度Z值117,为淡水成因。而围岩为海水渗透回流成因白云岩^[15]	δ¹³C、δ¹⁸O小于同期海相碳酸盐岩基线。早寒武世海相碳酸盐岩的δ¹³C为-0.4‰~-0.1‰,δ¹⁸O为-6.2‰~-4.7‰

图10 磨溪地区下寒武统龙王庙组岩溶储层发育模式

Fig.10 Karst pattern of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

图11 磨溪区块龙王庙组岩溶及溶蚀孔洞典型照片 a—磨溪17井,4 622.33~4 622.49 m,岩心照片,表生期岩溶,溶洞充填碳质泥岩,发育黄铁矿晶粒;b—磨溪17井,4 620.77~4 620.98 m,岩心照片,岩溶角砾岩,发育灰色泥晶白云岩角砾、蓝灰色与黑色泥岩角砾;c—磨溪17井,4 621.40~4 621.53 m,岩心照片,岩溶角砾岩,发育灰色泥晶白云岩角砾、黑色碳质泥岩角砾;d—磨溪12井,4 656.59~4 656.82 m,岩心照片,准同生期针状溶孔基础上叠加表生期岩溶,顺层溶蚀孔洞发育;e—磨溪12井,4 645.78~4 645.83 m,岩心照片,中粗晶云岩,沿低角度缝溶蚀孔洞发育;f—磨溪13井,4 606.84~4 606.98 m,岩心照片,表生期岩溶具有选择性,颗粒较粗的砂屑白云岩中溶蚀孔洞发育;g—磨溪204井,4 667.27 m,岩心照片,中粗晶白云岩,沿水平缝溶蚀扩大形成的扁平状溶洞;h—磨溪202井,4 660.30 m,单偏光,中粗晶白云岩,埋藏期溶蚀,溶孔中沥青充填;i—磨溪17井,4 614.58 m,单偏光,溶蚀孔洞成带状分布,溶孔中沥青充填;j—磨溪12井,4 629.75 m,单偏光,晶间溶孔溶蚀连片形成的大孔洞。

Fig.11 Photos of typical core and cast slice showing karstification and solution pore characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

图12 磨溪区块龙王庙组高角度裂缝岩心、成像测井特征

Fig.12 Core and FMI features of high-steep fissures in the Longwangmiao Formation, Moxi area

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