中国东部燕山期斑岩钼-热液型铅锌(银)成矿系统的成矿物质来源

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.3.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国是世界第一大钼生产国和资源国,同时也是铅、锌的重要资源国。中国东部燕山期斑岩型钼矿床及热液脉型、夕卡岩型铅锌(银)矿床是中国钼、铅、锌的主要来源。前人基于斑岩钼和热液型铅锌(银)矿床的地质、地球化学研究,提出了中国东部燕山期斑岩型钼-热液型铅锌(银)成矿系统的新认识,但对该成矿系统的岩浆起源、成矿物质来源等仍存在认识上的分歧。近年来,越来越多的地质、地球化学证据表明,斑岩钼矿的成矿可能与幔源岩浆活动有关,成矿斑岩的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成也显示有幔源物质的贡献。碳酸岩作为典型的幔源岩浆岩,是研究地幔物质组成的探针岩石,源自俯冲交代富集地幔的碳酸岩是已知Mo含量最高的岩浆岩,同时其Pb、Zn、Ag含量也很高,并具有富水、富F、富S、富CO₂的特征。中国东部与斑岩钼矿同期的碳酸岩、基性岩的地球化学研究表明,中国东部中生代地幔为经历了俯冲交代的富集地幔,富集地幔的部分熔融可能为斑岩钼-热液型铅锌(银)成矿系统提供了成矿岩浆、成矿金属,同时还可能提供了S、F和成矿流体。

关键词: 中国东部, 燕山期, 钼-铅锌(银)成矿系统, 岩浆起源, 成矿物质来源

Abstract:

China is currently the biggest producer of Mo, Pb, and Zn, and it holds the biggest Mo resource and the second biggest Pb and Zn resources in the world. The Yanshanian porphyry Mo deposits and hydrothermal Pb-Zn (Ag) deposits in eastern China are the most important sources of Mo, Pb, and Zn in China, and many geological and geochemical studies have been conducted thereon. It is proposed that the hydrothermal Pb-Zn (Ag) deposits comprise parts of the porphyry Mo metallogenic system. However, there is still a controversary regarding the origin of the parent magma and the ore-forming materials for this metallogenic system. The porphyry Mo deposits have been considered to be related to a typical crust source magma, but further geological and geochemical studies imply that a mantle derived magma was involved in the ore-forming process. Carbonatite, a typical mantle magmatic rock, allows researchers to study the chemical composition of the mantle. Carbonatite derived from the partial melting of the enriched mantle that undergoes melt or fluid metasomatism from a subducted oceanic plate, has the highest Mo content among all kinds of magmatic rocks and also contains large amounts of Pb, Zn, Ag, S, CO₂, and H₂O. The Sr and Nd isotopic data and trace element results of the causative magmatic rock related to the porphyry Mo deposits in eastern China showed an ocean island basalt affinity, and the coeval mafic rock and carbonatite appeared to originate from the enriched mantle. Thus, this study proposes that the magma related to the Yanshanian Mo-Pb-Zn (Ag) system in eastern China is derived from the partial melting of the enriched mantle, and the ore material and ore-forming fluids may also come from the mantle.

Key words: eastern China, Yanshanian, Mo-Pb-Zn(Ag) metallogenic system, magma source, the origin of ore-forming materials

中图分类号:

谢玉玲, 崔凯, 夏加明, 王莹, 曲云伟, 于超, 单小瑀. 中国东部燕山期斑岩钼-热液型铅锌(银)成矿系统的成矿物质来源[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(2): 182-196.

XIE Yuling, CUI Kai, XIA Jiaming, WANG Ying, QU Yunwei, YU Chao, SHAN Xiaoyu. The origin of ore-forming materials of the Yanshanian porphyry Mo-hydrothermal Pb-Zn(Ag) metallogenic system in eastern China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(2): 182-196.

图/表 7

图1 2015—2018年世界各国Mo(a)、Pb(b)、Zn(c)金属产量分布直方图(数据据文献[8,9,10,11])

Fig.1 Diagram of Mo (a), Pb (b), Zn (c) mine production in the world from 2015 to 2018. Data from [8-11].

图2 中国东部燕山期斑岩钼-热液型铅锌矿床分布及产出的大地构造位置(大地构造底图据文献[34]) NCC—华北克拉通;TM—塔里木地块;CAO—中亚造山带;SGO—松潘—甘孜造山带;CCO—中央造山带;YC—扬子克拉通;CC—华夏地块;AHO—阿尔卑斯—喜马拉雅造山带。

Fig.2 The distribution of Yanshanian porphyry Mo and hydrothermal Pb-Zn (Ag) deposits of China and their tectonic settings. The tectonic setting after [34].

图3 河南栾川地区地质略图及斑岩钼矿及热液型铅锌矿床分布(据文献[16]) 1—震旦系陶湾群;2—新元古界栾川群;3—中元古界官道口群;4—中元古界熊耳群;5—太古宇太华群;6—燕山期斑岩侵入体;7—新元古代正长斑岩;8—新元古代辉长岩;9—中元古代碱性花岗岩;10—断层;11—逆冲断层;12—正断层;13—地质界线;14—不整合接触;15—县域;16—地区;17—斑岩型钼矿床;18—铅锌矿床。

Fig.3 Simplified geological map with distribution of porphyry Mo and hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits in the Luanchuan area, Henan Province. Adapted from [16].

图4 沙坪沟地区地质简图及铅锌矿床(矿点)的分布(据文献[46]修绘)

Fig.4 Simplified geological map of the Shapinggou area with distribution of Pb-Zn deposits. Modified from [46].

图5 中国东部燕山期典型斑岩钼矿成矿斑岩的Zr-10 000Ga/Al (a) 和K2O-Na2O (b) 图解(数据据文献[50,79-85])。

Fig.5 Zr-10000Ga/Al (a) and K2O-Na2O (b) diagrams of causative porphyry for Yanshanian porphyry Mo deposits in eastern China. Data adapted from [50,79-85].

图6 中国东部典型钼矿床主要侵入体的微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图及稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线(标准化值据文献[89]) (a)—沙坪沟地区主要侵入体的微量元素蛛网图;(b)—沙坪沟地区主要侵入体的稀土配分曲线(沙坪沟微量和稀土数据引自文献[79]);(c)—曹四夭钼矿主要侵入体的微量元素蛛网图;(d)—曹四夭钼矿主要侵入体的稀土配分曲线(曹四夭微量和稀土数据引自文献[85]);(e)—安妥岭钼矿主要侵入体的微量元素蛛网图;(f)—安妥岭钼矿主要侵入体的稀土配分曲线(安妥岭微量和稀土数据引自文献[86])。OIB—洋岛玄武岩数据引自文献[89];N-MORB—正常型洋中脊玄武岩数据引自文献[90];E-MORB—富集型洋中脊玄武岩数据引自文献[90]。

Fig.6 Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns and chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the intrusive rocks from typical Mo deposits in eastern China. Standardized data from [89].

图7 中国东部典型斑岩钼矿成矿斑岩的(87Sr/86Sr)i-εNd(t)图解 1—兴蒙造山带钼矿床(数据据文献[60,92-96]);2—东秦岭—大别造山带钼矿床(数据据文献[97,98,99,100,101]);3—东秦岭—大别造山带基性岩(数据据文献[79,102-105]);4—东秦岭早中生代含矿碳酸岩(数据据文献[106,107]);5—南秦岭庙垭稀土矿碳酸岩(数据据文献[108]);6—山东莱芜—淄博无矿碳酸岩(数据据文献[109,110]);7—山东微山含矿碳酸岩(数据据文献[111]);8—华北克拉通东部古生代含金刚石金伯利岩(数据据文献[112])。

Fig.7 (87Sr/86Sr)i-εNd(t) diagram of causative porphyry for selected porphyry Mo deposits in eastern China

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