塔城盆地地下水氟分布特征及富集机理

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.10.29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

塔城盆地位于新疆维吾尔自治区西北部,干旱少雨,蒸发强烈。但相对于新疆其他盆地,塔城盆地地下水水质相对较好,溶解性总固体和F^-含量相对较低。为解译这种差异及盆地内高氟地下水的成因,本文在对盆地地下水样品水化学组分系统分析的基础上,结合多种水文地质调查数据,利用数理统计、离子比及主成分分析等手段,研究高氟水的成因及其分布规律。结果表明:受气候以及地质等因素控制,研究区地下水氟浓度总体较低,高氟水主要分布于扇前洼地及盆地中部的低洼地带;受承压含水层的顶托补给,地下水氟浓度呈现出上高下低的垂向分带特征。研究区地下水径流途径短,水循环快,水岩相互作用时间较短,且山区地下水以深径流形式循环补给平原区深层承压含水层,再顶托补给潜水,避免了强烈的蒸发浓缩作用。山前洪积扇地下水氟富集主要受控于沉积地层中含氟矿物的风化溶解,而岩石风化、蒸发浓缩、阳离子交换、竞争吸附为平原区地下水氟浓度的主要影响因素。

关键词: 塔城盆地, 地下水, 氟分布特征, 来源, 离子比, 主成分分析

Abstract:

The Tacheng Basin is located in the northwestern Xinjiang Hui Autonomous Region (XHAR), which is characterized by drought, less rain and strong evaporation. Compared with other basins in XAR, the concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) and fluoride (F^- ) in the groundwater in the Tacheng Basin were relatively low. To explain this different distribution characteristics and enrichment mechanism of F^- in the groundwater, statistical analysis, including principal component analysis, was used based on the hydrochemical data of groundwater samples in this region. The results showed that the concentration of F^- in groundwater was generally low due to the climatic and geological factors in the region. The high-F^- groundwater was mainly distributed in the marsh lands of the front and central regions of the basin. The concentration of F^- was high in shallow and low in deep unconfined aquifers, controlled by an upward recharge from deep confined aquifer. The groundwater runoff was relatively short and the groundwater circulation was fast in this region, causing a short interaction time between groundwater and rock. In addition, the deep confined aquifer of the plain was recharged from the groundwater in the mountainous area by an upward hydraulic gradient flow, which further replenished the upper shallow unconfined aquifer. Thus, the evaporation and concentration process was very weak in this recharge mode. The concentration of F^- in the groundwater was mainly controlled by the weathering and dissolution of fluoride-bearing minerals in the sedimentary strata in the piedmont alluvial-pluvial fan, with rock weathering, concentration by evaporation, cation exchange, and competitive adsorption as the main influencing factors.

Key words: Tacheng Basin, groundwater, fluoride spatial distribution, origin, ion ratio, principal component analysis

中图分类号:

吕晓立, 刘景涛, 周冰, 朱亮, 张玉玺. 塔城盆地地下水氟分布特征及富集机理[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(2): 426-436.

LÜ Xiaoli, LIU Jingtao, ZHOU Bing, ZHU Liang, ZHANG Yuxi. Distribution characteristics and enrichment mechanism of fluoride in the shallow aquifer of the Tacheng Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 426-436.

图/表 15

图1 研究区地下水采样点位置及氟浓度分布图 1—泉;2—潜水取样点;3—承压水取样点;4—<0.2 mg·L-1;5—0.2~<0.5 mg·L-1;6—0.5~<1.0 mg·L-1;7—1.0~<1.5 mg·L-1;8—1.5~2.0 mg·L-1;9—>2.0 mg·L-1(以上为F-质量浓度);10—污水处理厂;11—垃圾填埋场;12—农业污染源;13—洪积扇;14—山区;15—冲洪积平原区;16—水系;17—地下水流向;18—研究区边界。

Fig.1 Distribution of fluoride concentrations in the groundwater of the Tacheng Basin

图2 研究区水文地质剖面(A-B)示意图

Fig.2 Hydrogeological profile (A-B) of the study area

表1 地下水氟浓度及其水化学特征

Table 1 Groundwater fluoride concentrations and hydrochemical characteristics for different geographic locations

样品情况及指标参数值类型			ρ/(mg·L^-1)									pH
样品情况及指标参数值类型			F^-	TDS	总硬度	$HCO 3 -$	$SO 4 2 -$	Cl^-	Mg²⁺	K⁺+Na⁺	Ca²⁺	pH
标准值			1	1 000	450		250	250	50	200	400	6.5~8.5
潜水	山前 (n=25)	最小值	ND	198.0	143.6	172.8	10.92	0.35	6.16	6.16	41.72	7.12
		最大值	3.10	1 116.0	552.4	471.2	511.80	114.30	36.79	205.60	176.90	8.47
		平均值	0.89	507.7	272.1	253.5	156.95	27.68	19.04	68.76	77.56	7.68
		超标率/%	32	8	12		20	0	0	4	0	0
	平原区 (n=46)	最小值	ND	161.6	120.6	78.5	14.30	0.40	4.40	6.14	41.00	6.93
		最大值	4.70	3 881.0	1 237.0	519.5	2 082.00	404.41	130.10	770.80	281.10	8.21
		平均值	0.60	793.9	401.7	275.00	305.00	48.60	31.00	109.40	109.70	7.50
		超标率/%	4.3	21.3	29.8		40.4	2.1	8.5	14.9	0	0
承压水	平原区 (n=9)	最小值	0.16	228.4	165.6	158.30	34.49	1.05	9.06	9.38	45.32	7.59
		最大值	0.90	1 289.0	528.4	277.90	533.30	184.60	44.67	236.70	137.90	8.01
		平均值	0.39	478.5	252.7	208.50	145.98	40.90	20.04	66.20	68.11	7.81
		超标率/%	0	9	9		18	0	0	9	0	0

表1 地下水氟浓度及其水化学特征

Table 1 Groundwater fluoride concentrations and hydrochemical characteristics for different geographic locations

样品情况及指标参数值类型			ρ/(mg·L^-1)									pH
样品情况及指标参数值类型			F^-	TDS	总硬度	$HCO 3 -$	$SO 4 2 -$	Cl^-	Mg²⁺	K⁺+Na⁺	Ca²⁺	pH
标准值			1	1 000	450		250	250	50	200	400	6.5~8.5
潜水	山前 (n=25)	最小值	ND	198.0	143.6	172.8	10.92	0.35	6.16	6.16	41.72	7.12
		最大值	3.10	1 116.0	552.4	471.2	511.80	114.30	36.79	205.60	176.90	8.47
		平均值	0.89	507.7	272.1	253.5	156.95	27.68	19.04	68.76	77.56	7.68
		超标率/%	32	8	12		20	0	0	4	0	0
	平原区 (n=46)	最小值	ND	161.6	120.6	78.5	14.30	0.40	4.40	6.14	41.00	6.93
		最大值	4.70	3 881.0	1 237.0	519.5	2 082.00	404.41	130.10	770.80	281.10	8.21
		平均值	0.60	793.9	401.7	275.00	305.00	48.60	31.00	109.40	109.70	7.50
		超标率/%	4.3	21.3	29.8		40.4	2.1	8.5	14.9	0	0
承压水	平原区 (n=9)	最小值	0.16	228.4	165.6	158.30	34.49	1.05	9.06	9.38	45.32	7.59
		最大值	0.90	1 289.0	528.4	277.90	533.30	184.60	44.67	236.70	137.90	8.01
		平均值	0.39	478.5	252.7	208.50	145.98	40.90	20.04	66.20	68.11	7.81
		超标率/%	0	9	9		18	0	0	9	0	0

图3 平原区和山前洪积扇地下水化学Piper三线图

Fig.3 Piper plots of groundwater samples from the plain area and alluvial pluvial fan

图4 地下水F-浓度与水位埋深关系图

Fig.4 Relationship between the F- concentration and groundwater depth

图5 地下水F-浓度与pH值关系

Fig.5 Relationship between the F- concentration and pH in groundwater

图6 地下水F-质量浓度与溶解性总固体关系

Fig.6 Relationship between the F- concentration and TDS in groundwater

图7 地下水F-质量浓度与Ca2+(a)、Mg2+(b)、Cl-(c)、 SO 4 2 -(d)质量浓度关系

Fig.7 Correlation of F- and Ca2+ (a), Mg2+ (b), Cl- (c) or SO 4 2 - (d) concentrations in groundwater

图8 F-质量浓度与ρ(Na+)/(ρ(Na+)+ρ(Ca2+))的关系

Fig.8 Relationship between the F- concentration and ρ(Na+)/(ρ(Na+)+ρ(Ca2+)) in groundwater

图9 地下水中F-与 HCO 3 -质量浓度关系

Fig.9 Relationship between the F- and HCO 3 - concentrations in groundwater

图10 F-质量浓度与萤石(a)、方解石(b)饱和指数关系

Fig.10 Relationship between F- concentration and fluorite (a) or calcite (b) saturation index

图11 地下水中F-与Ca2+活度关系

Fig.11 Relationship between the F- and Ca2+ activities in groundwater

图12 水化学组成Gibbs图

Fig.12 Gibbs diagrams of groundwater

图13 地下水样CAI1和CAI2关系

Fig.13 correlation between the chloroalkaline indices CA1 and CA2 of groundwater

表2 塔城盆地地下水主要离子主成分分析

Table 2 Principal component analysis of the major ions in groundwater of the Tacheng Basin

水质参数		各主成分相关关系
水质参数		PC1	PC2	PC3
	Na⁺	0.945	0.233	0.076
	Cl^-	0.940	0.111	0.110
	$SO 4 2 -$	0.935	0.253	0.155
	TDS	0.921	0.334	0.151
浓度	Mg²⁺	0.845	0.395	0.176
	F^-	0.735	-0.062	-0.345
	Ca²⁺	0.730	0.527	0.224
	$HCO 3 -$	0.275	0.841	-0.083
	偏硅酸	0.138	0.112	0.928
pH		-0.107	-0.830	-0.239
特征值		6.370	1.408	0.892
方差贡献率/%		53.912	20.876	11.901
累计贡献率/%		53.912	74.788	86.689

表2 塔城盆地地下水主要离子主成分分析

Table 2 Principal component analysis of the major ions in groundwater of the Tacheng Basin

水质参数		各主成分相关关系
水质参数		PC1	PC2	PC3
	Na⁺	0.945	0.233	0.076
	Cl^-	0.940	0.111	0.110
	$SO 4 2 -$	0.935	0.253	0.155
	TDS	0.921	0.334	0.151
浓度	Mg²⁺	0.845	0.395	0.176
	F^-	0.735	-0.062	-0.345
	Ca²⁺	0.730	0.527	0.224
	$HCO 3 -$	0.275	0.841	-0.083
	偏硅酸	0.138	0.112	0.928
pH		-0.107	-0.830	-0.239
特征值		6.370	1.408	0.892
方差贡献率/%		53.912	20.876	11.901
累计贡献率/%		53.912	74.788	86.689

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