火星陨石和火星表面泥岩中蚀变过程对比研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2019.8.21

地学前缘 ›› 2020, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (4): 340-354.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2019.8.21

• 非主题来稿选登 • 上一篇

火星陨石和火星表面泥岩中蚀变过程对比研究

付晓辉¹^,²(), 凌宗成¹, 周琴², Bradley L.JOLLIFF³, 尹庆柱⁴, 王阿莲³, 李勃¹, 武中臣¹, 张江¹

1.山东大学山东省光学天文与日地空间环境重点实验室, 空间科学与物理学院, 空间科学研究院, 山东威海 264209
2.中国科学院国家天文台月球与深空探测实验室, 北京 100012
3.Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
4.Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA

收稿日期:2018-07-20 修回日期:2019-03-20 出版日期:2020-07-25 发布日期:2020-07-25
作者简介:付晓辉(1985—),男,副研究员,主要从事月球与行星表面地质作用研究。E-mail: fuxh@sdu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(4159085);国家自然科学基金项目(41490633);国家自然科学基金项目(41473065);国家自然科学基金项目(41573056);山东省自然科学基金项目(JQ201511);山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2015DM001);中国科学院月球与深空探测重点实验室开放基金项目

Alteration minerals in Martian surface rocks: a comparative study of Martian meteorites and in-situ exploration in the Gale crater

FU Xiaohui¹^,²(), LING Zongcheng¹, ZHOU Qin², Bradley L.JOLLIFF³, YIN Qingzhu⁴, WANG Alian³, LI Bo¹, WU Zhongchen¹, ZHANG Jiang¹

1. Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
2. Key Laboratory of Moon and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomy Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
3. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
4. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA

Received:2018-07-20 Revised:2019-03-20 Online:2020-07-25 Published:2020-07-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

火星次生含水蚀变矿物是火星地质历史时期水环境和气候演变历史的真实记录,一直以来都是火星探测、火星陨石研究的重点,是认识火星环境特征和气候演化的重要研究对象。文中对比研究了表土角砾岩NWA7034、火成堆晶岩MIL03346等两块最富蚀变矿物火星陨石,以及Gale撞击坑出露的Sheepbed泥岩3种岩石类型的蚀变程度及其蚀变矿物类型和组合,分析了层状硅酸盐、铁氧化物/氢氧化物、钙硫酸盐等蚀变矿物的成因及环境指示意义。发现这3类岩石的蚀变作用各不相同。火星陨石NWA7034的蚀变作用以氧化和加热作用为主,无蒸发盐类矿物。火星陨石MIL03346的蚀变程度最低,为后期水溶液进入缝隙而引发的,蚀变作用以橄榄石的伊利石化、裂隙和缝隙中填充次生矿物细脉为主。而火星Sheepbed泥岩经历了后期的等化学风化过程(isochemical weathering),次生过程包括成岩蚀变和成岩后蚀变两个阶段。其中,成岩过程中的蚀变以橄榄石蚀变为铁氧化物和蒙皂石矿物为主,成岩后以形成蒸发盐类矿物硫酸钙为主。以上3种岩石蚀变矿物组成差异反映了火星上不同地质背景中、不同气候条件下蚀变过程的复杂性。文中对火星含水矿物及部分典型矿物的形成条件和过程进行系统总结,这对于理解未来火星探测任务、识别含水矿物的形成、揭示火星水环境和地质历史具有重要指导意义。

关键词: 次生矿物, 蚀变过程, 火星陨石, “好奇”号

Abstract:

Alteration minerals record the aqueous conditions and climate changes in Mars geological history. They are key to revealing the habitable environments on Mars, as well as the most signification objects of Mars exploration mission and Martian meteorite investigations. We present here detailed studies of alteration minerals in a Martian regolith breccia NWA7034, a Nakhlite meteorite MIL03346, and Sheepbed mudstone detected by Mars Curiosity rover. We compared the inventory of hydrous minerals in these rocks, and determined the formation mechanisms and conditions of smectite, Fe-oxides/hydroxides, and CaSO₄ found in these rocks. We concluded that NWA7034, MIL03346, and Sheepbed mudstone were all altered during diagenesis or after lithification. However, the secondary alteration processes they experienced are distinct with each other. NWA7034 were mostly altered by oxidization and heating. For the meteorite MIL03346, secondary minerals are mostly present in veining within brittle fractures in the mafic minerals and mesostasis. This indicates the vein-filling alteration products result from hydrothermal fluid introduced by an impact event. Compared with two Martian meteorites, the Sheepbed mudstone in Gale crater is more altered with Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of 47 and 50. The original debris with basaltic mineral composition experienced at least two stages of secondary alterations: olivine altered to smectite and magnetite during diagenetic processes, and CaSO₄ veins formation after lithification. This result suggests aqueous conditions in various geological setting are different, and chemical weathering under different climate conditions could produce diverse alteration mineral assemblages. This study summarized the secondary mineral found by Mars missions and in Martian meteorites and their possible origins. It could help understand the formation of secondary minerals and future data interpretation in the China Tianwen-1 Mars mission.

Key words: secondary minerals, alteration process, Martian meteorite, Mars Curiosity rover

中图分类号:

付晓辉, 凌宗成, 周琴, Bradley L.JOLLIFF, 尹庆柱, 王阿莲, 李勃, 武中臣, 张江. 火星陨石和火星表面泥岩中蚀变过程对比研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(4): 340-354.

FU Xiaohui, LING Zongcheng, ZHOU Qin, Bradley L.JOLLIFF, YIN Qingzhu, WANG Alian, LI Bo, WU Zhongchen, ZHANG Jiang. Alteration minerals in Martian surface rocks: a comparative study of Martian meteorites and in-situ exploration in the Gale crater[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(4): 340-354.

图/表 11

表1 火星陨石NWA7034、MIL03346和Sheepbed泥岩的主量元素化学组成

Table 1 Chemical compositions of Martian meteorite NWA7034,MIL 03346 and Sheepbed mudstone

样品	w_B/%															资料来源
样品	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	TiO₂	Cr₂O₃	MgO	MnO	CaO	FeO	NiO	Na₂O	K₂O	P₂O₅	Cl	SO₃	Total	资料来源
NWA7034熔壳	47.49	10.81	1.03	—	10.68	0.5	7.38	17.52	—	2.34	0.42	1.73	—	—	99.9	本研究
NWA7034 全岩	47.55	11.21	0.98	0.18	7.81	0.28	8.93	13	0.05	3.74	0.34	0.76	0.22	0.1	95.11	据文献[21]
NWA7475全岩	48.3	10.7	1.02	0.26	10.9	0.36	7.04	16.6	—	2.8	0.47	1.29	—	0.07	99.81	据文献[28]
NWA7533 CLIMR	45.7	10.31	1.13	—	11.9	0.38	6.72	19.09	—	2.69	0.43	1.56	—	—	99.91	据文献[29]
MIL03346全岩	49.2	3.59	0.07	0.13	9.33	0.45	15	19.23	0.06	1.01	0.29	0.22	—	—	98.58	据文献[30]
MIL03346全岩	49.5	4.09	0.68	0.19	9.26	0.46	14.4	19.1	—	0.96	0.2	0.23	—	0.06	99.2	据文献[31]
John Klein	42.07	8.67	0.97	0.42	9.06	0.27	7.76	19.86	—	3.01	0.57	0.93	0.56	5.61	99.76	NASA PDS
Cumberland	43.02	8.57	0.97	0.43	9.41	0.27	6.29	22.35	—	2.98	0.5	0.95	1.39	2.57	99.7	NASA PDS

图1 火星陨石和Sheepbed泥岩TAS图解(本图修改自文献[9,32],火星陨石数据来自表1) TAS图解在地球科学中用于火成岩分类。本研究将火星角砾岩陨石和Sheepbed泥岩(John Klein和Cumberland)显示于本图中用于比较岩石化学组成。图中黄色区域为火星奥德赛卫星搭载伽马射线谱仪获得的火星表面物质成分范围,浅蓝区域为机遇号和探路者获取火星土壤化学成分,粉色为火星SNC陨石成分范围。

Fig.1 Total alkali versus silica diagram of Martian meteorites and Sheepbed mudstone. Modified from [9,32], and Martian meteorites data shown in Table 1.

图2 火星Gale撞击坑Sheepbed泥岩[23] a—John Klein钻孔分析点; b—Cumberland钻孔分析点; c—MAHLI获取的John Klein钻孔高清照片(图中泥岩中分布的白色硫酸钙矿物填充细脉);d—泥岩中分布的结核体(蓝色圆圈)。

Fig.2 Sheepbed mudstone detected in Gale crater by Curiosity rover[23]

表2 Sheepbed泥岩矿物组成[23]

Table 2 Crystalline and amorphous components of the John Klein and Cumberland drill powders[23]

样品	w_B/%
样品	透长石	斜长石	铁橄榄石	普通辉石	易变辉石	斜方辉石	磁铁矿	硬石膏	烧石膏	石英	赤铁矿	钛铁矿	四方纤铁矿	石盐	黄铁矿	磁黄铁矿	蒙皂石	非晶质相
John Klein	1.2	22.4	2.8	3.8	5.6	3	3.8	2.6	1	0.4	0.6	0.7	1.1	0.1	0.3	1	22	28
Cumberland	1.6	22.2	0.9	4.1	8	4.1	4.4	0.8	0.7	0.1	0.7	0.5	1.7	0.1		1	18	31

图3 火星陨石NWA7034中黄铁矿蚀变为铁氧化物 a—电子背散射图像;b—拉曼光谱仪上显微镜获取的反射光图像。

Fig.3 Pyrite altered to hematite in the matrix of NWA7034

图4 火星陨石NWA7034中磁黄铁矿蚀变为铁氧化物 a—电子背散射图像;b—拉曼光谱仪上显微镜获取的反射光图像。

Fig.4 Spongy-texture pyrrhotite in proto breccia of NWA7034

表3 火星陨石和Sheepbed泥岩中出现的蚀变矿物类型对比

Table 3 Comparison of alteration mineralogy in NWA7034, MIL03346, and Sheepbed mudstone

矿物类型	矿物名称	MIL03346	NWA7034	Sheepbed
含水硅酸盐	Fe/Mg蒙脱石	√	√	√
	伊丁石	√
	水合二氧化硅	√
铁氧化物和氢氧化物	赤铁矿	√	√	√
	磁铁矿	√	√	√
	水铁矿	√	√	√
	四方纤铁矿		√	√
硫酸盐	石膏	√		√
	烧石膏	√		√
	γ-CaSO₄	√
	黄钾铁矾	√		√
碳酸盐	方解石
碳酸盐	菱铁矿
氯化物	氯盐	√		√
氯化物	高氯酸盐
弱结晶相		√	√

图5 火星陨石MIL03346橄榄石伊丁石化 a—电子背散射图像;b—拉曼光谱仪上显微镜获取的反射光图像。

Fig.5 The olivine grains in MIL03346 thin section

图6 火星Sheepbed泥岩两处钻孔取样获得的XRD谱图

Fig.6 X-ray diffraction patterns of John Klein and Cumberland drill in Sheepbed mudstone samples

图7 火星陨石和Sheepbed泥岩的A-CN-K图解

Fig.7 Major element compositions of Martian meteorites and Sheepbed mudstones plotted as molar proportions on an Al2O3-(CaO+Na2O)-K2O ternary diagram

图8 火星陨石和Sheepbed泥岩的A-CNK-FM图解

Fig.8 Major element compositions of Martian meteorites and Sheepbed mudstones plotted as molar proportions on an Al2O3-(CaO+Na2O+K2O)-(FeO+MgO) ternary diagram

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火星陨石和火星表面泥岩中蚀变过程对比研究

Alteration minerals in Martian surface rocks: a comparative study of Martian meteorites and in-situ exploration in the Gale crater

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