上天、入地、下海:极端条件下矿物学研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2019.12.3

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

上天、入地、下海,进行极端条件下的矿物学研究,研究微矿物,发现新矿物。主要利用金刚石压机,结合使用国内外同步辐射X-光源、中子源,以及其他多种物理的、化学的、光学的测试手段(如岩石矿物化学分析,光薄片测定,电子探针,离子探针,扫描电镜,透射电镜,红外、紫外、拉曼光谱,激光加热等),对来自天外的陨石、陨石坑样品、地球深处地幔源矿物以及海底甲烷水合物进行了一些研究。模拟不同温度和压力下各种不同成分的矿物材料的晶体结构、物理和化学性质。文章着重研究从地球内核到地壳海底的各种不同组分在不同温度、压力极端环境下形成的各种各样的典型矿物:从金属固体内核和金属液体外核中的ε-Fe到核幔边界(CMB)地球D″层的后钙钛矿(Post-Perovskite)结构(ppv)镁铁硅酸盐(Mg,Fe)SiO₃,从下地幔中的铁磁性钙钛矿(Perovskite)结构(pv)镁铁硅酸盐布里奇曼石(Bridgmanite)(Mg,Fe)SiO₃、镁铁氧化物(Fe,Mg)O和后尖晶石(Post-Spinel)结构的含Fe³⁺毛河光矿(Maohokite)(HP-Mg$Fe^{3+}_{2}O_{4}$)到过渡带、上地幔和地壳中的镁铁硅酸盐、硅氧化物、铬铁氧化物和金刚石及其内含物以及甲烷水合物(CH₄·H₂O)等。进行高温高压极端条件下的矿物学研究,为探索地球结构性质、形成动力和发展历史提供了新的窗口。

关键词: 微细矿物, 高温高压, 极端条件, 金刚石压机, 同步辐射X-光源

Abstract:

Research of the Deep Space-Earth-Sea System involves micromineral study, mineral discovery as well as mineralogical investigations under extreme conditions, e.g. research on meteorolite samples and materials in meteorite craters, minerals in deep Earth, and seafloor methane hydrates. We mainly used diamond anvil cell (DAC) simultaneously in combination with synchronous radiation X-ray and neutron sources. In addition, we used various physical, chemical and optical methods (rock mineral chemical analysis, optical measurement, electron probe, ion probe, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, infrared, ultraviolet, Raman spectroscopy, laser heating, etc.). We investigated crystal structures and physical and chemical properties of mineral materials of different compositions under different temperature and pressure conditions. In this paper, we focused on a variety of typical minerals formed from various components at extreme temperatures and pressures from the Earth's core to crust. They include ε-Fe in the metallic solid inner core and liquid outer core, post-perovskite structure (ppv) magnesium iron silicate (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ in the D″ layer located at the core-mantle boundary (CMB), perovskite structure (pv) magnesium iron silicate in the lower mantle, Bridgmanite (Mg,Fe)SiO₃, mafic oxide (Fe,Mg)O and post-spinel structure containing Fe³⁺ Maohokite (HP-MgO₄), and magnesium ferrosilicate, silicon oxide, chromite, diamond and its inclusions, methane hydrate (CH₄·H₂O), etc., in the transition zone, upper mantle, crust and ocean bottom. The research of mineralogy under extreme conditions provides new insights into the structure and properties and dynamic evolution of the Earth.

Key words: microminerals, high temperature & high pressure, extreme conditions, diamond-anvil cell (DAC), synchronous radiation X-ray sources

中图分类号:

束今赋. 上天、入地、下海:极端条件下矿物学研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(3): 133-153.

SHU Jinfu. Space, Earth, ocean: mineralogical studies under extreme conditions[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(3): 133-153.

图/表 11

图1 地球内部结构图

Fig.1 The inner structure of the Earth

图2 ε-铁同步辐射流变试验 a—全景金刚石压机;b—同步辐射X-射线图;c—地球内核ε-铁晶体显示出强烈的择优选取向的反极点图。

Fig.2 (a) High pressure diamond press. (b, c) Results of synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment on ε-iron.

图3 左图:核幔边界(CMB)区域;右图:低速和超低速区域(LVZ, ULVZ),富铁后钛矿(ppv) 具CaIrO3结构的FexMg1-xSiO3,能容纳Fe浓度高达x=0.8,可以解释D″层中LVZ、ULVZ的存在

Fig.3 (Left) Core-mantle boundary (CMB). (Right) Low and ultra-low velocity zones (LVZ, ULVZ), where Fe-rich post-perovskite (ppv) FexMg1-xSiO3 with CaIrO3 structure can have Fe concentration as high as x=0.8, which may explain the presence of LVZ and ULVZ in the D″ layer.

图4 方铁矿FeO Wüstite晶体结构类型;自左起,在室温低压下方铁矿具有相同的等轴晶系石盐(B1)结构,在高温高压下转变为菱形结构,随着温度压力增加且压力超过90 GPa时转变为高度畸变菱形、红砷镍矿NiAs(B8或α-B8)结构

Fig.4 The crystal structure of Wüstite FeO, showing progressive transformations under increasing p-T. From left: cubic NaCl (Bl) structure at room temperature and lower pressure; rhombohedral structure at high p-T; highly distorted rhombohedral and NiAs (B8 or α-B8) structures at p> 90 GPa.

图5 毛河光矿(HPM)和纳米金刚石(D)图像 a—毛河光矿(HPM)和纳米金刚石(D)背散射电子图;b—纳米金刚石电子衍射图;c—毛河光矿电子衍射图;d—毛河光矿和纳米金刚石X射线衍射图;e—毛河光矿和纳米金刚石拉曼光谱。

Fig.5 Maohokite (HPM) and nanodiamonds (D). (a-c) Photomicrographs; (d) X-ray diffraction pattern; and (e) Raman spectrum.

图6 铬铁矿结构及谱图 a—铬铁矿FeCr2O4尖晶石结构;b—CF CaFe2O4后尖晶石结构型高温高压铬铁矿:陈鸣矿Chenmingite;c—CT CaTi2O4后尖晶石结构型高温高压铬铁矿:谢氏石Xieite;d—铬铁矿和高温高压铬铁矿背散射电子图;e—铬铁矿和高温高压铬铁矿X-光衍射图;f—铬铁矿和高温高压铬铁矿拉曼图谱。

Fig.6 Crystal structures and spectrometric analysis of chromites. (a) FeCr2O4 structure;(b) Structure of high p-T FeCr2O4 (CF) from hemingite; (c) Structure of high p-T FeCr2O4 (CT) from Xieite;(d) Electron back scattering pattern; (e) X-ray diffraction patterns; and (f) Raman spectra.

图7 中国山东蒙阴含石墨包裹体(a)和Venezuela金伯利岩含柯石英包裹体(b)的金刚石晶体 a—中国山东蒙阴金伯利岩一颗结晶很好含石墨单晶包裹体金刚石单晶;b—Venezuelan金刚石中的柯石英包裹体,较大的颗粒被裂缝包围(靠近中心),较小的三角形颗粒周围没有裂缝(右上侧),金刚石约2 mm。

Fig.7 (a) Kimberlitic diamond single crystal with graphite single crystal inclusion from Shandong, China. (b) Venezuela kimberlitic diamond with coesite inclusions.

图8 中国大陆科学深钻(CCSD-MH)中的金刚石

Fig.8 Diamonds from China's scientific deep drilling (CCSD-MH)

图9 西藏和乌拉尔蛇绿岩中的金刚石 A—西藏罗布莎康金拉铬铁矿中的金刚石;B—西藏罗布莎地幔橄榄岩中的金刚石;C—西藏阿里普兰地幔橄榄岩中的金刚石;D—俄罗斯极地乌拉尔蛇绿岩铬铁矿中的金刚石。

Fig.9 Diamonds from Tibet and Ural ophiolites

图10 中国西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩金刚石X-光衍射图其中蛇绿岩型金刚石应该消光的d200强度大于正常的d400,不该出现的d222出现了。

Fig.10 X-ray diffraction patterns of Tibet ophiolite-hosted diamonds

图11 甲烷水合物类型及特征 a—甲烷水合物;b—甲烷水合物世界分布图;c—甲烷水合物三种类型;d—甲烷水合物三种类型单晶X-光衍射图;e—甲烷水合物分解的粉晶X-光衍射图。

Fig.11 Structural types and characteristics of gas hydrates

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