地学前缘 ›› 2016, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (6): 10-23.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.2016.06.001

• 大地构造与沉积古地理 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国大地构造阶段划分和演化

潘桂棠，陆松年，肖庆辉，张克信，尹福光，郝国杰，骆满生，任飞，袁四化   

  1. 1. 中国地质调查局 成都地质调查中心, 四川 成都 610081
    2. 中国地质调查局 天津地质调查中心, 天津 300010
    3. 中国国土资源部 信息中心, 北京 100037
    4. 中国地质大学(武汉), 湖北 武汉 430070
    5. 防灾科技学院, 河北 三河 065201
  • 收稿日期:2016-05-21 修回日期:2016-06-22 出版日期:2016-11-15 发布日期:2016-11-15
  • 作者简介:潘桂棠(1941—)，男，研究员，博士生导师，从事区域地质和大地构造研究。E-mail:13808091563@163.com
  • 基金资助:

    国土资源部项目“全国重要矿产预测评价：全国重要矿产成矿地质背景研究”(1212010733802)

Division of tectonic stages and tectonic evolution in China.

PAN Guitang,LU Songnian,XIAO Qinghui,ZHANG Kexin,YIN Fuguang,#br# HAO Guojie,LUO Mansheng,REN Fei,YUAN Sihua   

  1. 1. Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610082, China
    2. Tianjin Center of China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300170, China
    3. Information Center of Ministry of Land and Resources of China, Beijing 100037, China
    4. China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
    5. Institute of Disater Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China
  • Received:2016-05-21 Revised:2016-06-22 Online:2016-11-15 Published:2016-11-15

PDF (PC)

2388

摘要：

按照王鸿祯先生的地质构造演化阶段论和全球构造活动论的思路，遵循将今论古的比较构造地质学研究原则，以对接带、造山系和陆块区三类一级大地构造单元构造相的时空结构分析为主线，从超大陆汇聚与裂解不可逆演化和洋陆转换论的视角，认识理解中国大地构造时空结构组成特征，将中国大地构造划分为三个演化阶段。第一阶段：太古宙—前南华纪(>820 Ma)。太古宙陆核形成(>2 800 Ma)，新太古代原板块构造启动，洋陆分化，华北各陆块发育古弧盆系统(2 800~2 500 Ma)，发育广泛的TTG片麻岩；古元古代(2 500~1 800 Ma)发育集宁、南辽河荆山等弧盆系和嵩山裂谷、滹沱裂谷及华北基底形成(1 800 Ma)；中元古代—新元古代早期(820 Ma前)华北陆区在1.8 Ga克拉通化后发育燕辽裂谷、熊耳—西洋河裂谷、渣尔泰—白云鄂博陆缘裂谷；扬子陆块和塔里木陆块区中元古代发育陆缘裂谷盆地，新元古代早期其周缘一系列弧盆系形成，扬子和塔里木基底形成，并参与罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚过程。第二阶段：南华纪—中三叠世(820~227 Ma)，可分为5个构造期：(1)南华纪—震旦纪(820~541 Ma)构造期，罗迪尼超大陆裂解发育新元古代南华纪裂谷事件的火山沉积岩及冰碛岩，古亚洲洋、原特提斯大洋及震旦大洋扩展，发育扬子、塔里木陆缘裂谷和裂陷盆地，华南洋萎缩为残余大洋。(2)寒武纪—中奥陶世(541~458 Ma)构造期，古亚洲洋、原特提斯洋持续扩张，中国西部一系列地块从扬子和塔里木大陆裂离，相应陆块均在伸展背景下形成被动大陆边缘，秦祁昆多岛弧盆系形成；印度陆块北部边缘形成寒武纪裂陷裂谷盆地，上覆初始碳酸盐岩台地沉积(O12)。(3)晚奥陶世—志留纪(458~419 Ma)构造期，古亚洲大洋双向俯冲，向北俯冲制约阿尔泰兴蒙多岛弧盆系形成，向南俯冲制约天山准噶尔北山多岛弧盆系形成及温都尔庙增生弧盆系发育；南天山大洋向北俯冲导致中天山岛弧形成；扬子、塔里木和印度等陆块的北缘均发育被动大陆边缘；志留纪震旦洋、华南洋消亡；塔里木、扬子与华北构成统一的泛华夏大陆，其西南缘秦祁昆造山系形成，在南东缘形成了华夏造山系。(4)泥盆纪—中二叠世(419~259 Ma)构造期，古亚洲洋、南天山洋萎缩消亡，天山准噶尔北山造山系和阿尔泰兴蒙造山系形成(C2—P2)；华北陆块整体隆升(O3—C1)后，发育陆表海盆地；扬子陆块发育陆缘裂陷盆地。古特提斯大洋双向俯冲，向北俯冲制约北羌塘三江多岛弧盆系发育，向南俯冲导致冈底斯陆缘弧形成(C—P)。(5)晚二叠世—中三叠世(259~227 Ma)构造期，中国西北盆山构造格局定位；那丹哈达洋西向俯冲形成鹤岗陆缘弧。澜沧江弧后洋盆向东俯冲及金沙江哀牢山弧后洋盆向西俯冲，昌都思茅地块两侧形成陆缘弧。特提斯大洋向南俯冲导致冈底斯弧盆系形成。扬子区攀西裂谷形成，峨眉山玄武岩大规模喷溢。第三阶段：晚三叠世—新近纪演化阶段(227~2.6 Ma)。中生代时东部陆缘弧盆系形成；西北发育盆山构造；西南部喜马拉雅冈底斯多岛弧盆系形成。新生代，中国东部沿海弧后裂陷及断陷盆地形成，印度欧亚大陆碰撞，喜马拉雅冈底斯造山系形成，中新世以来青藏高原强烈隆升。

关键词: 构造阶段, 陆块区, 造山系, 超大陆, 特提斯, 古亚洲洋

Abstract:

According to the thinking of Mr. Wang Hongzhen on the tectonic evolution stage and the active global tectonic theories, following the principles of comparative structural geology, i.e. the present is the key to the past, and taking spatial and temporal texture analysis of tectonic faices and environment as the main approach in which the suture zone, orogenic system and continental block are treated as three first rank tectonic units, and from the point of view of irreversible evolution of supercontinent convergence and rifting and oceancontinent transformation theory to recognize and understand the constituent characteristics of Chinese tectonic spatial and temporal texture, we propose that the tectonic evolution of China can be divided into three stages. The ArcheanPreNanhuaian (>1800820 Ma): continental nucleus formed from the Archean (>2800 Ma); protoplate tectonics started, ocean and continent differentiated, paleoarc basin system developed in Neoachrean (28002500 Ma), and in North China blocks, TTG gneiss distributes widely: Jining, South LiaoheJingshan arc basin system and Songshan and Hutuo rift developed during the Paleoproterozoic (25001800 Ma), and basement of the North China platform formed ~1800 Ma: Yanliao, XiongerXiyanghe and ZhartaiBayan Obo epicontinental rift developed in the Mesoproterozoicearly Neoproterozoic (820 Ma ago) after cratonization of the North China platform; Mesoproterozoic epicontiental rift developed in Yangtze and Tarim blocks, a series of arc basin systems formed in the early Neoproterozoic, and moreover, Yangtze and Tarim platform basement formed, which amalgamated with Rodinia. The NanhuaianMiddle Triassic (820227 Ma): (1) The NanhuaianSinian: Rodinia broke up and developed volcanosedimentary rocks and tillites related to rifting event in the Nanhuaian, PaleoAsian, ProtoTethys and Sinian Ocean spread, epicontinental rift and rifted basin developed in Yangtze and Tarim plateform, and Huanan Ocean shrank to relict oceanic basin. (2) The CambrianEarly Ordovician: PaleoAsian and ProtoTethys Ocean expanded continually, a group of massifs splitted from Yangtze and Tarim platform, and passive continental margins and polyisland arc basin systems formed in extensional environment. Rifted basin developed in the north Indian craton during the Cambrian, covered by Ordovician carbonate platform (O12). (3) The Late OrdovicianSilurian: PaleoAsian Ocean subducted bidirectionally, AlatiXingmeng polyisland arc basin systems related with northward subduction, southward subduction controlled TianshanJunggarBeishan polyisland arc basin sytems and Odor Sum accretionary arc basin system. Northward subduction of South Tianshan Ocean resulted in Central Tianshan island. Passive continental margins developed in north of Yangtze, Tarim and Indian platform. Sinian and Huanan Ocean extincted in Silurian. United PanCathaysia formed including Yangtze, Tarim and North China, QinQiKun orogenic system and Cathaysia orogenic system located in its southwest and southeast margin, respectively. (4) The DevonianMiddle Permian: PaleoAsian and South Tianshan Ocean shrank and disappeared, TianshanJunggarBeishan and AltaiXingmeng orogenic systems (C2P2) formed. Epicontinental sea basin developed in North China Platform after overall uplift (O3C1). Epicontinental rifted basin developed in Yangtze platform. Northward and southward subduction of PaleoTethys Ocean controlled North QiangtangSanjiang polyisland arc basin systems and Gangdese epicontinental arc (CP), respectively. (5) Late PermainMiddle Triassic: Basinmountain tectonic framwork formed in northwest China, Hegang epicontinental arc was controlled by northward subduction of Nadanhada Ocean. Epicontinental arc in both sides of QamdoSimao massif developed owing to eastward and westward subduction of Lancanjiang and JinshajiangAilaoshan backarc oceanic basin, respectively. Gangdese arc basin system was controlled by the southward subduction of PaleoTethys Ocean. Panxi rift as a result of the activity of Emeishan large igneous province developed in west Yangtze platform. The Late TriassicNeogene (2272.6 Ma): East China epicontinental arc formed in the late Mesozoic, basinmountains developed in northwest China and HimalayaGangdese polyisland arc basin systems formed in southwest China. Backarc rifted and faulted basin formed in eastern coastal of China in the Cenozoic, and HimalayaGangdese orogenic systems formed as a result of IndiaAsia collision, simultaneously. Tibetan plateau intensively uplift since the Miocene.

Key words: tectonic stage, continental block domain, orogenic system, supercontinent, Tethys, PaleoAsia ocean

中图分类号: